During that period, the folk workshops mainly focused on the carving of common jade wares such as jewelry and vessels. With the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, the royal demand for jade carving faded. After Emperor Qianlong abdicated in 1795, the development of jade carving craftsmanship was relatively stagnant (Thomas and Lee, 1986). During its more than 5,000-year history (table 1), Chinese jade carving has experienced five peaks-the late Neolithic Age (circa 3500–2070 BCE), the late Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE), the Zhanguo Period (475–221 BCE), the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)-and was influenced by politics, economics, culture, and war (Kong, 2007). Carving, called Zhuo and Zhuo mo in Chinese, represents the arduous process of shaping and decorating an intractable material with abrasives to create the desired object (Hansford, 1950 Sax et al., 2004). Jade carving is one of the oldest and most important art forms in China, a craft steeped in history and tradition that reflects Chinese philosophy and culture (Thomas and Lee, 1986). With a rich heritage and ongoing innovation in jade craftsmanship, as well as increased automation, the cultural value and creative designs are both expected to reach new heights. INTRODUCTION Current mainstream techniques used in China’s jade carving industry include manual carving, computer numerical control engraving, and 3D replicate engraving. Nearly 2,500 contemporary works are analyzed statistically, showing that piercing and Qiaose, a technique to take artistic advantage of jade’s naturally uneven color, are the most commonly used methods. Five periods have previously been defined according to the evolution of tools and craftsmanship, and the representative innovations of each period are summarized in this article. Scholars are increasingly focusing on the carving craft in addition to ancient designs. In recent decades, the rapid development of tools has led to numerous changes in carving technology. ABSTRACTĬraftsmanship is a key element in Chinese jade carving art. It presents an openwork papercut-style profile of Guanyin on the left and a three-dimensional carved lotus on the right, jointly manifesting the Buddhist culture with oriental characteristics (Michaelson et al., 2016). The white nephrite Buddhist carving by modern master Xi Yang is displayed in the British Museum. Comprehensive CAD/CAM For Jewelry Certificateįigure 1.
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